EOTO Response #2

 Gossip Columns and Fashion Journalism are categories with their own magazines and some top readers.

Gossip Columns 

Gossip columns began in the 19th century with James Gordon Bennett. Born September 1, 1795, and passed June 1, 1872. Although he passed, his work lives on today. 

Bennett started his own paper, The New York Herald, which focused on gossip columns but also included social news, celebrity accounts, 

When he first published these articles, he focused on the elite class of New York. Hollywood's rise in the 1930s and 1940s sparked the need for gossip columns because of movies to review and talk about.

Gossip columns were a way for Bennet to not allow us a way to see into actors' lives and entertainment from their actual lives.

Because of his beginning, we have popular gossip magazines like People, InTouch Weekly, Entertainment Weekly, and Star.  

Now, in the digital age, we not only focus on gossip about stars and the wealthy from magazines, but online as well. 

Thanks to the Father of Gossip columns, we can enjoy the new gossip of Hollywood stars and influencers daily. 

Fashion Journalism

Beginning November 15, 1785, Fashion Journalism started reporting on all kinds of fashion, from clothes to historical bedding. 

The first magazine for fashion was a French magazine named Cabinet des Modes. It was subscription only; they provided newspapers in France and worldwide. 

Because of Cabinet Des Modes' start, we have magazines and digital pages with content focused on fashion. Harper's Bazaar was the first publication dedicated to the lives of women through fashion.

Vogue is another top fashion magazine, and it is now one of the most popular magazines. It was founded in 1892 by Arthur Baldwin Turnure and targeted upper-class people in New York. The first issue sold for 10 cents on December 17, 1892. 

Today, some of the top fashion magazines are: Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Vanity Fair, and  InStyle.

Alice Allison Dunnigan

Alice Allison Dunnigan

Alice Dunnigan, a black journalist, made history even with all odds against her. Born April 27, 1906, and passed May 6, 1983. This woman made history as the first black woman allowed to report from the State Department, the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Supreme Court, and the White House. 

Mrs. Dunnigan's writing started early in life. By age 13, she wrote short news articles for her local paper, Owensboro Enterprise. Born in Kentucky, she paid for her schooling through working for cleaning services and any jobs available during the Jim Crow Era. Living during this time made it hard not only as a woman but also as an African American woman. Dunnigan education started at Knob City High School, now known as Kentucky State University. She received degrees from Normal and Industrial West Kentucky College, Louisville Municipal College, Tennessee A&I, and Howard University. Allison Dunnigan was also a member of the black sorority Sigma Gamma Rho at these universities. 

As an adult, Dunnigan wrote for a multitude of papers in Kentucky. She wrote for Lousiville Defender,

and Derbytown Informer. A few years later, Dunnigan moved to Washington, D.C., during World War 2. She came to D.C. and became a typist for the Labor Department. In the late 1940s, she became the Chief of the Washington Bureau for American Negro Press (ANP) which provided 100 newspapers to the United States and Africa. 

Even working up north in D.C., Dunnigan was still affected by Jim Crow and segregation. It affected her where she could live, transportation, eat, and pay rate. When the Washington Bureau first hired her, she was the first black woman to be hired and was considered a "trial" hire. During the first month of work, she was paid half a cent per word, but after complaining that this wage was unlivable, she upgraded to a full cent. 

While working for the Associated Negro Press(ANP) it was poorly funded but still found a way to produce news articles for the public. 

Along with ANP, the National Newspaper Publishers Association was another black-owned newspaper company. These newspaper companies were denied access to report on the Capitol Press galleries covering Congress. 

Even with race and gender holding Alice back, she continued fighting and later reached her goal of being allowed in. Alice's famous motivational words, "Race and sex were twin strikes against me. I'm not sure which was the hardest to break down."

Continuing her fight for years, Alice was allowed into the White House Press Corp. After being accepted, President Harry Truman allowed her to join his cross country whistle stop tour. Dunnigan dilemma was that while other networks paid for their journalist to attend the Associated Negro Press did not causing her to pave her own way to afford accommodations. 

While on tour in 1948, Dunnigan wrote about the early civil rights movement and desegregation, allowing equal opportunity for all. Even without financial support, she managed to report on Congress, Federal Agencies, and the White House. Even with Dunnigan noteworthy stories, she still received no financial support from her boss. 

With no financial support and the odds against her because of her race and gender, Dunnigan was never afraid to question government officials and the president about the struggles blacks faced in different government agencies and life. 

Once President Truman's term was over Eisenhower stepped up and was not as open to answering questions that revealed the harsh truth. 

Alice Dunnignan's journalistic career ended 190 during President John F. Kennedy election. This did not stop her work for equality as she became a consultant for the Presenditial Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. 

Accomplishments

- received 50 awards in her lifetime

- worked as a White House Correspondent under four administrations: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson

- Honorary Doctorate degree from Colorada State College 

- First African American member of the Women National Press Club

- 1974 Published Autobiography "A Black Woman's Experience: From Schoolhouse to the White House"

- 1982 Published "The Fascinating Story of a Black Kentuckian" 

- 1982, was indicted into the Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame

Muckraking Journalism and what has been Uncovered

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Five Star Final Movie Review

Five Star Final came to big screens on September 26, 1931. A slow-burn movie about looking for a story to boost sales for the New York Evening Gazette. The Managing Editor was pushed by his boss to produce a story to gain more traction for the paper and increase sales no matter the extent. 

The editor, Joseph Randall, forced to find the next hot story, was told to bring up the past of a young lady's murder case. Nancy Voorhees was a killer of her child's father because of his cheating, but now, over twenty years later, she is a mother, wife, and everyday citizen, besides changing her name to start a new life. 

Joseph aimed to reveal Nancy Voorhees's new identity and expose her current life. What he didn't know was by exposing her, he would affect the life of her daughter, daughter fiancé, and current husband. 

This film shows the extent to which journalist Joseph Randall was willing to go for a story. Five Star Final included false identities, breaking and entering, spying, and death.

But what was missing in the journalist, possibly a moral compass, or is money more important?  

Five Star Final can still be related today, especially in early 2000's Hollywood. In stars and high-profile court cases, privacy is no longer a thing. There are cameras everywhere, and who is to say a person would not sell you out for a dime. A quote from the movie that stood out to me was from Mr. Randall's Assistant, Miss Taylor, " I think you can always get people interested in the crucifixion of a woman." Her words are relevant today. Female celebrity's lives, especially, are always in the media, whether it be her on a night out, relationship drama, or simply a weight change.

My Rating of Five Star Final is a 7/10, although it was a slow burn; the ending did cause a few tears to be shed and me at the edge of my seat. If you want a mystery classic film with a twist, this would be a top 10 recommendation. 

But this was more than a movie to put on and then walk away feeling the same. It makes you reflect on your own actions and how your actions affect other people's lives and those of those around them.

This movie, as an aspiring journalist, was an eye-opener. Is a story worth losing your morals or the downfall of someone else? That is up to you to decide with your own moral compass and snack of choice while watching on the big screen.

What have we learned from Journalism Never Stay Silent?

Over the past 6 weeks, we have gone over a lot with Professor Dean. Smith. We have a lot to cover, with classes being held once a week during our limited meeting times.

Week 1 We were taught about the clause of freedom

It entails six clauses, aka our First Amendment rights. Also, we learned about the importance of journalism to society.

Form own Religion

Freedom of Religion

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of the Press

Right to Peacefully Assemble 

Right to Petition and Protest the Government 

Journalists are seen as watchdogs, and our job is to report to the public what is happening in our government. It is not the press's job to keep the government secrets, but it is our job to reveal them. 

Week 2 The History of Journalism from Partisan Press to Penny Press

The three significant eras of Journalism history:

Colonial Press Era: The beginning of the newspaper

Begun in 1690 and ended in 1776.

In the year 1690, the first newspaper was produced, but under British rule, it did not last long due to criticism of British Rule. Over time, publishers realized the only way to stay in business was to write highly of the British government or hint at words of Independence from their rule. Later, as everything evolved, the mechanical press was made so that they could swiftly print multiple pages.  In 1776, they could openly criticize the government because of the Declaration of Independence.

Partisan Press Era: News stations publicly claimed who they supported

This Era was from 1789 to 1833.

During this time, America was independent and formed the Constitution and Bill Of Rights. Newspapers were starting a new age of free press until the 1798 Sedation Act. This made it a crime to criticize the government, but in 1880, Thomas Jefferson became president and killed the Sedation Act.  1823 and 1833 were the height of the era when the steam power press was made, so we were producing newspapers at a faster rate, and they could reduce the selling price while selling more papers

Penny Press Era:

Taking place from 1835 to the current day. 

During this time, journalism started the rise of news empires and influenced government politicians. We also gained more news sections, such as soft features and human interest stories. Another significant invention was the telegraph, allowing people to receive news the same day it happened; unlike before, people had to wait days to weeks for the newspaper to reach them. The next improvement was in 1848 with the Half Tone photo, which transferred pictures to newspapers and became the birth of photojournalism. 1851, the start of one of the largest news empires, the New York Times. They began the objective standards where news companies don't take political sides but report everything without opinion. Then, from 1861 to 1865, modern news started during the Civil War. 

Week 3: Combination of Journalism and Law class

This class was bringing the law into journalism while talking about essential terms and bias vs. unbiased news reporting.

Overall, the first half of the semester of the History of Journalism has been an eye-opener to see where we started and how news has expanded. 

EOTO #1 Response

My recap of our first EOTO where groups of 2 students had either a historical person related to a newspaper in relation tojournalism or the history of a newspaper company.

The presentation that stood out to me was about Reuters and AP. Reuters has been a worldwide trusted news source since 1851. AP, founded in 1846, is one of the most respected sources of news in the United States. 

                                                                                 Reuters News

Paul Reuters founded Reuters in 1851 in London. As the paper grew and continued to expand its audience, they decided in 1940 to have a set of principles for the paper to adhere to:

• It cannot be operated by a single person or a group
• Share independent freedom
• Inbias accurate news
• Media of the general public

Their values consisted of 

• Reporting news in a timely manner
• Public interest
• How far 
• Prioritizing fact, not opinion

As Reuters company grew over time, it became publicly traded on the stock market in 1980. Currently, Reuters has 105 million monthly readers 

                                            Associated Press

Associated Press News, also known as AP News, was founded on May 22, 1846. It was founded by Moses Yale Beach.Significant improvements the Ap has made over the years that led it to become a primarily renowned news source today were:

• 1935 birth of photojournalism
• 1941 began distributing news to radio 
• 1974 made its radio network 

They currently have 118.4 million users and won 59 Pulitzer prizes. Their mission statement is “ to gather with economy and efficiency an accurate and impartial resort of the news.” This mission statement is the beliefs and standards of many credible sources that are here to report on the news and not give their biased opinions

The Liberator

The Liberator, a newspaper running from 1831 to 1865, started in Boston, Massachusetts. The papers’ main topics were the inhumanity of slavery and rebellions led by African Americans. The Liberator was the most anti-slavery paper in the 19th century. 

The publisher and editor was William Lloyd Garrison. He was in his position for 35 years before ending the paper. Lloyd was known as a printer, pacifist, civil rights activist, suffragist, and racial abolitionist. He gave many anti-slavery speeches and denounced the national sin of slavery. Garrison considered himself a "Black abolitionist that demands uncompensated end to slavery and for political and social equality.” 

The Liberator was able to start publishing thanks mainly to African American groups raising funding. About 3,000 copies were published weekly, primarily distributed in the north and read mainly by African Americans. They published articles from African American poets and writers, sermons, and treatment of enslaved people in the South, wanting equality for African Americans. 

The first copy of the paper was published on January 1, 1831. It was an introduction of himself and what the paper focused on. Largely defining quotes from the paper were:

“My name is ‘LIBERATOR’ ! I propose to hurl my shafts at freedoms deadliest foes!”

“I am in charge to save Man from his brother! - to redeem the slave !”

“ I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice” 

The impacts of this paper were extremely different; either it was strongly supported or simply criminal. In the North, it was supported, but in the South, it was criminal

In the north, The Liberator was strongly supported and produced. It gained more support for the freeing of slaves and equal treatment. In the South, simply reading the paper was considered criminal. Not only was the paper criminal, but Georgia offered a reward of $3,000 for Garrison's capture, and he was indicted in North Carolina for distributing anti-slavery material. 

The Liberator's major events covered were the Nat Turner Rebellion, the John Brown Raid, The Civil War, and the Boston Underground Railroad. Although Garrison was a pacifist, he did not shyly cover news, even gruesome news. He also worked with key figures such as Fredrick Douglass, Lucy Stone, Wendell Phillips, and Aby Kelly Foster.

The Liberator's last post was in December 1865. The end of the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the 13th Amendment led to the end of the paper. Garrison's fight for the freedom of slaves was over; therefore, he felt that his and The Liberators’ jobs were complete.